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Aspectos de la entrega del certificado del Art. 80 de la LCT. Exigibilidad y plazo de prescripción
Publicado por Scandroli en AFIP · 25/7/2015 12:50:00
Aspectos de la entrega del certificado del Art. 80 de la LCT. Exigibilidad y plazo de prescripción.
Conforme a lo previsto en el Art. 80 Párr. 3º de la LCT “Cuando el contrato de trabajo se extinguiere por cualquier causa, el empleador estará obligado a entregar al trabajador un certificado de trabajo, conteniendo las indicaciones sobre el tiempo de prestación de servicios, naturaleza de éstos, constancia de los sueldos percibidos y de los aportes y contribuciones efectuados con destino a los organismos de la seguridad social”.
Además, el segundo párrafo de ese artículo también lo obliga en esa oportunidad, a entregarle al trabajador “constancia documentada” del ingreso de los fondos de seguridad social por parte del empleador y los sindicales a su cargo. En este caso, a diferencia del certificado, el empleador solo estará obligado a su entrega, si lo requiere el trabajador.
Este trabajo se referirá a los diversos plazos relacionados con el cumplimiento de esa obligación del empleador, dadas las consecuencias que pueden derivarse de su inobservancia. Si bien por razones de comodidad expositiva solo nos referiremos al certificado de trabajo, las conclusiones, también se aplican a la “constancia documentada” en el supuesto en que sea requerida por el empleador.
1) El último párrafo del Art. 80 de la LCT obliga al empleador a entregar del certificado de trabajo dentro de los dos días hábiles contados a partir del día siguiente al de la recepción de la intimación que le curse fehacientemente el trabajador.
2) Si no lo hace, la norma establece que “será sancionado con una indemnización a favor de este último que será equivalente a tres veces la mejor remuneración mensual, normal y habitual percibida por el trabajador durante el último año o durante el tiempo de prestación de servicios, si éste fuere menor, sin perjuicio de las multas conminatorias que para hacer cesar esa conducta omisiva pudiere imponer el juez o tribunal del trabajo.
3) La gravedad de la sanción prevista y el plazo exiguo que la norma otorga al empleador, no solo para “hacer entrega” sino también para confeccionar la certificación, determino que se dictase una reglamentación que morigero la exigencia. El Art. 3º del decreto 146/01 establece que el trabajador queda habilitado para practicar la intimación fehaciente de entrega del certificado si el empleador no hubiere hecho entrega del mismo dentro de los TREINTA (30) días corridos de extinguido, por cualquier causa, el contrato de trabajo.
4) Consecuencia lógica de la norma anterior es que el empleador cuenta con un plazo de 30 días corridos contados desde la extinción de la relación laboral para confeccionar y entregar el certificado. Transcurrido ese plazo, opera en plenitud la facultad del trabajador de intimar su entrega y si ella no se efectúa dentro de dos días hábiles, es aplicable la sanción indicada en punto 2).
5) Otra derivación del Art. 3º del decreto 146/01, que ha tenido reconocimiento jurisprudencial es la improcedencia de la multa prevista en el último párrafo del Art. 80 de la LCT si el trabajador ha cursado la intimación sin que se cumpliera el plazo de 30 días allí previsto.
6) ¿Hasta qué oportunidad el trabajador puede reclamar la entrega del certificado? Se trata de una obligación contractual laboral, por lo que es aplicable el Art. 256 de la LCT que fija un plazo de dos años. Transcurrido ese lapso de tiempo desde la extinción de la relación de trabajo, prescribe la acción legal.
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